MAKALAH
PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA
DISUSUN OLEH :
Ceny
Harianja (21215448)
Noviana
Putri (25215137)
Sofiah
Suciani (26215662)
1EB22
BAB 1
A. DEFINITION OF SMALL MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
SMEs are socially and
economically important - they represent 99% of an estimated 23 million
enterprises in the EU and provide around 75 million jobs representing
two-thirds of all employment. SMEs contribute up to 80% of employment in some
industrial sectors, such as textiles, construction or furniture
SMEs are defined by three
keywords - small, single and local:
1.
Small
- SMEs are small in nature - either in terms of number of (a) employees - 10
persons for 'small' to 200 persons for 'medium', depending on the country's
laws, (b) capital and assets - limited working capital and assets and (c)
turnover - the overall turnover of the enterprise is small, compared to larger
businesses.
2.
Single
- Most SMEs have a single owner who could also be the sole employee. While this
may predominantly be the case, definitions set 250 to 500 employees as the
limit for enterprises to be called an SME. The 'single' also refers to single
products produced or service provided.
3.
Local
- SMEs are essentially local in nature - their market is usually localized to
the area where they are located (same city, district or state); or may be
'local' in the sense that they operate from a place of residence - also called
SOHO [Small Office Home Office]
There are, of course, exceptions
to the above. For example, SMEs while having a small output, can have a global
market for its product/service or SMEs may produce more than one product or
provide service.
SMEs are not limited to any
particular type of industry or service, and can include small manufacturing
facilities, small processing units, trading companies, export-import companies,
distribution, retailing, rental, service company, etc.
A key factor that distinguishes
an SME from enterprises in the "Informal Sector" 3 is the fact that
they are legally registered companies/businesses.
Another related term that is
sometimes used interchangeably with SME is that of a 'microenterprise'.
Variations of the definition of a microenterprise is quite similar to an SME
2. Development
of Number of Units and Employment in SMEs
The
development of the role of micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are shown
by the large number of business units and entrepreneurs, as well as its
contribution to the national income, and employment. In 2003, the percentage of
SMEs amounted to 99.9 percent of all business units, which consist of
medium-sized enterprises as much as 62.0 thousand business units and the number
of small businesses as much as 42.3 million units were partially greatest form
of micro enterprises. SMEs have absorbed more than 79.0 million workers, or
99.5 percent of the workforce in 2004 the number of SMEs is estimated to have
exceeded 44 million units. The number of workers has increased an average of
3.10 percent per year from 2000. Contributions position of SMEs in GDP in 2003
was 56.7 percent of the total national GDP, up from 54.5 percent in 2000.
Meanwhile, in 2003, the number of cooperatives as many as 123 thousand units
with total membership of 27 283 thousand people, or an increase of respectively
11.8 percent and 15.4 percent from the end of 2001.
3. Value of
Output and Value Added
The
role of SMEs in Indonesia in the form of output contributes to the formation or
growth of GDP is quite large, although not as big as his contribution to the
creation of employment opportunities. NO or NT contribution to GDP is much
larger than the contribution from UM. However, these differences are not due to
the level of productivity in the UK are higher than in UM, but rather is driven
by the number of units and L is much higher in the UK than in UM (and UB).
Of
the BPS (Statistics Indonesia 2001) on NO and NT from the UK in the
manufacturing sector by industry group (code 31 s / d 39), there are some
interesting things. First, NO or NT varies by sub-sector, and the most (as also
indicated by data from other sources), namely food and beverages, and tobacco
(31), and textile products (TPT), and leather and its products (32), and kaqyu
and its products (33), which gives an impression that the IK and IMI are
generally superior in all three sub-sectors were compared in other subsectors.
Second, in some industry groups such as 31 and 33, NO or NT IMI greater than
IK.
While
the results SUSI (2000) presents data on the gross product value (NO), the cost
of, and wages and salaries of unincorporated businesses. Of the difference
between NO and costs between, can obtain an idea of the magnitude of the NT
that was created by the business groups. Trade, retail, and restaurant and
accommodation services is a sector in which the business is not incorporated to
produce NO at most; followed by manufacturing. This last sector, NO IMI
slightly smaller than NO created by Ik. In SUSI 2000, NO and its calculation of
the NT-business is not incorporated also in jaabarkan by region..
4. Export
In
addition to its contribution to the growth of employment and as an important
source of income, SMEs in Indonesia is also highly desirable because it has
great potential as a source of important developments (diversification) and the
growth of X, X especially manufacturing. Indonesian SMEs ability to realize its
potential X is determined by a combination of a number of factors relative
advantages possessed Indonesian SMEs over their competitors, both from within
and outside the country. In the context of economics / international trade, the
sense of relative superiority can be approached with a comparative advantage.
excellence komporatif owned Uk Indonesia, especially its labor-intensive (and
Indonesia has a number of L is large), the skills "Traditional" owned
small businesses (and workers) to build an all products, especially handicraft
items (which are the skills people already owned old from generation to
generation), and abundant raw materials (especially agricultural-based
products). Unfortunately Uk in Indonesia is still relatively weak, especially
in human resources management in the appeal, marketing, modern production
processes, or more advanced (beyond the traditional manufacturing), innovation
and mastery of technology.
Results
SUSI 2000, provides facts about the number of unincorporated businesses that do
X (directly or indirectly through intermediaries such as wholesalers, trading
companies or trading houses). From this survey there are two interesting
things. The first, from 14 948 units conducting sales outlets abroad mostly
from category IK (13 191 units), the distribution pattern of this gives an
indication that more Ik X dibnbandingkan IMI oriented. The second thing that is
interesting is that of the 20 454 units which do X, not all sell 100% of their
products to foreign markets. There were exporting a small portion of their
products and the rest is sold to the domestic market.
Results
SUSI 2000 also provides information on the distribution of 20 454 units which
do X by region. Mostly found in Java and Bali, as discussed previously is closely
related to the fact that populoasi of Uk in Indonesia is concentrated in Java
and Bali. The interesting thing about these data is that no one unit in
Kalimantan and Maluku, and Irian Jaya who do X. This gives the impression UK in
the western region is more advanced and more export-oriented than their
counterparts East region (except Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara in the relatively
small).
5. Prospects for SMEs in the Era of Free Trade and Globalization World
For
every unit of businesses both small scale and large scale in the economic
sector, free trade and globalization will create an opportunity in itself, but
with the era of course challenges in the business world will be heavier.
1.
The Nature of Existence SMEs
Small
and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia in general in domicile by traditional
business units. Small businesses can be built through private capital and small
investor capital, sehinggan not need to implement complex systems and modern
organization. In contrast to medium-size and large, they require complex
organizational systems, modern and expensive. Small and Medium Enterprises
generally only produce a fraction of the needs of the middle-income and middle
class. The implications of these different small and medium businesses with medium
and large businesses, small businesses do not really need capital from the
government.
2.
The ability of SMEs
The
days of free trade and globalization of the world economy, the mastery of
science, technology management capabilities, the quality of human resources a
factor of competitive advantage that will become dominant in whether or not the
process of SMEs in the era of free trade.
3.
Business Partnership and Problem
In
the era of globalization, SMEs are required to be able to meet the demand of
consumers who are increasingly specific as high-quality products at low prices
by restructuring and reorganization. One attempt to do by SMEs to achieve
objectives that serve targeted at a cooperative relationship with big business.
Large Business or UB is one relationship that is often called a partnership.
Kesdaran the cooperation undertaken by SMEs and UB have spawned SCM is
precisely in the 90s. SCM is basically a cooperation relations firms that
ultimately aims to produce the hands of consumers.
The Partnership
consists of five parts, namely the plasma core. Core plasma, ie SME
partnerships and UB as a core, fostering SMEs and develop SMEs by providing the
land, sara production, business management and others. Furthermore, namely
subcontracting, subcontracting is a partnership that includes SMEs producing
components required by UB. The third is the general trade in it that SMEs can
market products derived from UB and the last are the franchise that is the
franchisor gives it a trademark, the use of licenses and so forth.
BAB 2
SAMPLE CASE
Cyber
criminals are hacking into smaller businesses as a way of getting into larger
corporations.
Smaller
companies are easier targets because they often lack the resources, expertise
and technical capability to defend themselves against illegal online
intrusions.
Mr Bill
Chang, Singtel's chief executive officer for group enterprise, said they are
the "soft underbelly" in the business supply chain, where small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are subcontractors to corporations providing
services such as cleaning, air-conditioning, engineering and human resource
solutions.
"They
are soft targets being used as conduits for cyber attacks," he told The
Straits Times.
Mr Chang said
the situation is serious, citing the global 2015 Internet Security Report which
indicated that 60 per cent of all cyber attacks are targeted at SMEs. Since
SMEs make up 99 per cent of Singapore's registered companies, "there is a
clear and present danger for them".
"As
SMEs move into e-commerce and digitise their business transactions, they
present greater opportunities for online attacks," he said.
Mr Chang
pointed to the massive breach suffered by the American chain store Target in
2013. The breach might have been due to an air-conditioning SME subcontractor
infected with malicious software. Target picked up the infection during the
exchange of e-mail it had with the subcontractor. A Reuters report in 2013
reported that Target lost 40 million credit and debit card numbers to these
cyber attackers.
SMEs can
find cyber attacks costly. Global studies estimate that 50 per cent of
businesses close within six months of a cyber breach, noted Mr Chang. The
average cost of cyber attacks for SMEs with about 100 employees in the United
States is about US$3.5 million (S$4.7 million), which could be outlaid on legal
suits or remediation efforts, he added.
There are no
local figures available. The explosion in e-commerce here provides another
gateway for cyber attackers. Research reports from management consultancy firm
A.T. Kearney and the bank CIMB show that Singapore's online retail market could
have hit $4.4 billion last year.
When
consumers who are also office workers go online to buy products and services or
search for information, they could be infected by the malware. When these
consumers use their computers for work e-mail, the infection spreads to other
networks.
Once in a
network, the malware begins its nefarious activities. It could steal passwords,
credit card numbers, the latest blueprint for a new product or customer
information. Mr Chang said ransomware, where cyber attackers digitally
"lock out" data and hold it for ransom, is the leading cyber threat
for SMEs. Mobile malware is on the rise too, he added.
"SMEs
depend on their phones to do business. They send e-mail, do online banking and
conduct other transactions on their smartphones. Their exposure to malware is
very high."
Singapore is
listed as the 12th biggest market in the Asia-Pacific in terms of the number of
malware detections. The Microsoft Malware Infection Index for 2016 has
Pakistan, Indonesia and Bangladesh as suffering from the most malware
infections out of 19 countries.
Mr Keshav
Dhakad, the regional director for intellectual property and digital crimes at
Microsoft Asia, said it generally takes an average of 200 days for
organisations to find out that they have been victims of cyber attacks.
During this
time, the malware could have stolen identities or other information, he said.
His advice
was that companies practise good cyber security hygiene such as using genuine
software and regularly upgrading security patches on computers.
Singtel's Mr
Chang added that it was important for SMEs to raise cyber security awareness
among employees, including senior management.
"They
also should prioritise their key data assets to protect what is vital to their
business. It could be intellectual property, mergers and acquisitions
documents, details of new product launches and customer information."
This data
should be backed up since ransomware is on the rise.
"SMEs
should also regularly review the information they hold to ensure that security
practices are followed," he added.
ANALYSIS
Cyber
criminals are hacking into smaller businesses as a way of getting into larger
corporations.
Smaller
companies are easier targets because they often lack the resources, expertise
and technical capability to defend themselves against illegal online
intrusions.
Mr Chang
said the situation is serious, citing the global 2015 Internet Security Report
which indicated that 60 per cent of all cyber attacks are targeted at SMEs.
Since SMEs make up 99 per cent of Singapore's registered companies, "there
is a clear and present danger for them".
"As
SMEs move into e-commerce and digitise their business transactions, they
present greater opportunities for online attacks.
Singapore is
listed as the 12th biggest market in the Asia-Pacific in terms of the number of
malware detections. The Microsoft Malware Infection Index for 2016 has
Pakistan, Indonesia and Bangladesh as suffering from the most malware
infections out of 19 countries.
Mr Keshav
Dhakad, the regional director for intellectual property and digital crimes at
Microsoft Asia, said it generally takes an average of 200 days for
organisations to find out that they have been victims of cyber attacks.
During this
time, the malware could have stolen identities or other information, he said.
His advice
was that companies practise good cyber security hygiene such as using genuine
software and regularly upgrading security patches on computers.
Singtel's Mr
Chang added that it was important for SMEs to raise cyber security awareness
among employees, including senior management.
SUMBER:
